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How to use this Website?

This website is for medical and paramedical professionals working in the field of spinal cord injuries. It contains learning modules for the whole team as well as for doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, assistive technologists, social workers, psychologists and peer counsellors. The modules are intended for medical and paramedical students and junior clinicians. Others who have yet not assimilated sufficient knowledge on comprehensive management.

Nutritional management

  1. Wardlaw GM, Smith AM. Contomporary nutrition, 8th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Ltd, 2011.
  2. "WHO | Diet". WHO. http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/diet/en/index.html. 
  3. Frankenfield D. Energy expenditure and protein requirements after traumatic injury. Nutr Clin Pract 2006; 21: 430-7.
  4. Bauman WA, Emmons RR, Cirnigliaro CM, Kirshblum SC, Spungen AM. An effective oral vitamin D replacement therapy in persons with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2011; 34(5): 455-460.
  5. Bauman WA, Zhong YG, Schwartz E. Vitamin D deficiency in veterans with chronic spinal cord injury. Metabolism 1995; 44(12): 1612–6.
  6. Oleson CV, Patel PH, Wuermser LA. Influence of season, ethnicity, and chronicity on vitamin D deficiency in traumatic spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2010; 33(3): 202–13.
  7. Cirnigliaro CM, Mc Kenna C, Gail F Forrest GF, Spungen AM, Bauman WA. Denosumab Preserves Bone Mineral Density at the Knee in Persons with Subacute Spinal Cord Injury. J Bone Miner Res Plus. Vol. 4, No. 8, August 2020, e10375.
  8. Bauman WA, Kahn NN, Grimm DR, Spungen AM. Risk factors for atherogenesis and cardiovascular autonomic function in persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 1999; 37(9): 601–616. 
  9. Bauman WA, Spungen AM. Metabolic changes in persons after spinal cord injury. Phys Med Rehab Clin North Am 2000; 11: 102–140.
  10. Garshick E, Kelley A, Cohen SA, Garrison A, Tun CG, Gagnon D, Brown R. Spinal Cord 43(7):408-416, 2005. 
  11. Cirnigliaro CM, La Fountaine MF, Hobson JC, Kirshblum SC, Dengel DR, Spungen AM, Bauman WA. Predicting Cardiometabolic risk from visceral abdominal adiposity in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. J Clin Densitom 2021: 24(3): 442-452.
  12. Gater DR, Farkas GJ, Berg AS, Castillo C. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in veterans with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2019; 42(1): 86-93 
  13. Whiteneck G. Learning from empirical observations. In Perspectives on Aging with Spinal Cord Injury. 1992.
  14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About BMI for adults. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/ BMI/adult_BMI/about_adult_BMI.htm. Accessed April 17, 2008.
  15. Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine. Pressure ulcer prevention and treatment following SCI, 2000. 
  16. Liusuwan RA, Widman LM, Abresch RT, Johnson AJ, McDonald CM. Behavioral intervention, exercise, and nutrition education to improve health and fitness (BENEfit) in adolescents with mobility impairment due to spinal cord dysfunction. J Spinal Cord Med 2007; 30 Suppl 1: S119-26.
  17. Krause JS, McArdle JJ, Pickelsimer E, Reed K. A latent variable structural path model of health behaviors after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2009; 32(2): 162-74.
  18. Gater DR. Obesity after spinal cord injury. Phys Med Rehabil Clin North Am. 2007; 18(2):333–351.
  19. Mindy Dopler Nelson, Lana M. Widman, Richard Ted Abresch, Kimber Stanhope, Peter J. Havel,  Dennis M. Styne, Craig M. McDonald. Metabolic syndrome in adolescents with spinal Cord Dysfunction. J Spinal Cord Med 2007; 30: S127–S139.
  20. Cortis, JD. (1997) Nutrition and the hospitalised patient: implications for nurses, British Journal of Nursing, 6(12), 666 - 7, 670 - 2, 674. 
  21. Groah SL, Nash MS, Ljungberg IH, Libin A, Hamm LF, Ward E et al. Nutrient intake and body habitus after spinal cord injury: an analysis by sex and level of injury. J Spinal Cord Med Feb 2009; 32:25–33.
  22. Nelson MD, Widman LM, Abresch RT, Stanhope K, Havel PJ, Styne DM, et al.  Metabolic syndrome in adolescents with spinal cord dysfunction. J Spinal Cord Med 2007; 30: S127-39.
  23. Frankenfield D. Energy expenditure and protein requirements after traumatic injury. Nutr Clin Pract 2006 Oct; 21(5): 430-7. 
  24. Galanon AN et al (1997) Relationships of body mass index to subsequent mortality among seriously ill hospitalised patients. Crit Care Med 25, 1962-1968
  25. Cox et al. First attempt in assessing energy (nutritional) need in SCI patients (1985)
  26. CRAG 2000 p.46
  27. ESPEN Enteral Nutrition Guideline: Clin Nutr 2006; 25, 187-195.
  28. ESPEN Parenteral Nutrition guideline: Clin Nutr 2009; 28, 359-364.
  29. ESPEN guidelines for nutrition screening 2002. Clin Nutr 2003; 22(4): 415-21.
  30. Bauman et al. J Spinal Cord Med. 2005;28(3):203-7.
  31. Nemunaitis et al. PM R. 2010 Mar;2(3):202-8
  32. Wong S et al. Detecting malnutrition risk and obesity after spinal cord injury: a quality improvement project and systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72: 1555-1560.
  33. Wong S et al. Predictive equations overestimate resting metabolic rate in individuals with spinal cord injury who require mechanical ventilation support – a case series. J Spinal Cord Med- accepted 6 February 2020 – Epub ahead of print. doi: 10.1080/10790268.2020.1737789.
  34. Wong S et al. A Lactobacillus casei Shirota probiotic drink reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in patients with spinal cord injuries: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2014; 111, 672-678.
  35. Wong S et al. A study into the effect of Lactobacillus casei Shirota in preventing antibiotic associated diarrhoea including Clostridioides difficile infection in patients with spinal cord injuries: a multicentre randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. eClinicalMedicine 2021; 40, 10198.